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ORIGINAL PAPER
Performance evaluation of a variable compression ratio engine operating on algae and calophyllum inophyllum oil blends with titanium dioxide nano-additives
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET BKC Institute of Engineering, Nashik, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET BKC Institute of Engineering, India
Submission date: 2026-02-17
Final revision date: 2026-04-09
Acceptance date: 2026-06-02
Online publication date: 2026-08-13
Corresponding author
Amol Bharat Varandal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET BKC Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Adgaon, 422003, Nashik, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET BKC Institute of Engineering, Nashik, Adgaon, 422003, Nashik, India
KEYWORDS
Algae oilCalophyllum Innophyllum oilTiO₂ Nano-additivesExhaust emission characteristicsVCR diesel engine
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Research into biodiesel-based fuels for diesel engines has accelerated due to the growing need for sustainable fossil fuel substitutes. The combustion and emission properties of a hybrid biodiesel made from algal oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil that has been converted into methyl esters are examined in this study. In order to enhance combustion efficiency, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles have been employed as nano-additives. A single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine had been employed for the experiments under different load conditions like 3 Kg to 12 Kg along with compression ratio 16 and 18 .
Hybrid biodiesel blends B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, and B35 were used to run the engine, and the outcomes were contrasted with traditional diesel fuel. Combustion analysis revealed that the B25 blend for 12 Kg load and compression ratio 18 delivered an improvement in brake power of about 6 % and an 8% decrease in brake-specific fuel usage when measured against diesel. Analyses of emissions revealed notable 5% decreases in carbon dioxide (CO2), while nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions exhibited only a marginal reduction of 1 %. These findings show that a suitable low-emission substitute fuel for VCR diesel engines is TiO₂ nano-additive-assisted hybrid biodiesel.
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